Investigating the influence of precursor temperature on the bandgap energy, structural, and morpholo
In this study, we use electrochemical deposition on FTO to grow BaTiS thin films. By varying
the temperature of the precursors, we conducted thorough growth studies to understand how
these process parameters affected the structure of BaTiS films. The diffraction peaks in the
XRD pattern match the cubic barium sulfide structural phase. The observed peaks, 39.994 °
and 65.742 ° at 35 °C; 39.982 ° and 65.717 ° at 45 °C, and 39.995 °, 63.920 °, and 65.856 ° at
55 °C. The film deposited at 55 °C had a surface morphology with uniformly distributed
spherical-shaped particles that formed agglomerations. The film's surface was smooth,
providing a clearer look at the grain boundaries, suggesting a polycrystalline composition. The
films deposited at temperatures of 35 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C, 50 °C, and 55 °C yielded energy band
gaps of 2.98 eV, 2.90 eV, 2.69 eV, 2.68 eV, and 2.30 eV, respectively. The result showed that
the films' energy band gap decreased as the deposition temperature increased. The varied
energy bandgap of the films confirmed the effects of deposition temperature on the films.